As the closest planet to Earth; At eighty million kilometers away, Mars is considered a ripe red apple in the field of space exploration. However, the tiny planet presents a major challenge due to its harsh terrain, toxic atmosphere and extreme climate. Mars, named after the ancient Roman god of war, is the fourth planet from the Sun, half the size of Earth, and has two moons: Phobos and Deimos.

The Soviet Union made the first attempt to send a probe to the surface of Mars in the 1960s; However, the probe, nicknamed Marsnik 1, failed to reach Earth orbit, and the mission ended in failure. In 1993, NASA launched the Mars Exploration Program with four ambitious goals: to determine whether the Red Planet was once inhabited, to study and describe the planet’s geography and climate, and finally to prepare for human exploration of the planet’s surface.

Over the years, the project has faced major challenges; From entering the planet’s orbit to landing on its surface. One of the most difficult challenges is developing technologies that can function properly in the hostile environment on Mars; Countless engineering maneuvers had to be performed to ensure that the lander, balloons, and sampling systems functioned properly under the harsh environmental conditions of the Martian desert..

The basic strategy of the project is to look for signs of life to prove whether Mars once existed or in the future could be a habitable environment for biological life forms. Since water is the secret to life, the first missions to Mars – Mars Odyssey 2001, Mars Exploration Rovers, Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter and Mars Phoenix Lander – focused on finding signs of water in the past or present. Images from exploratory missions indicate water was present on the Martian surface in the past, and the sizes, shapes and distribution of geological samples—such as sand, pebbles, and small rocks—strongly indicate that they were formed by and from water. Movement in ancient times..

To date, the Curiosity rover has completed all of its missions. The 899 kg, car-sized rover was launched from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station on November 26, 2011, and landed on the Martian surface on August 6, 2012. Palos Aeolian Plain.^*. The probe’s first goal was to spend 687 days in Gale Crater on the surface of Mars. However, continuous combing of the Martian soil took about 1,532 days, or almost four years. Work continued day and night in all seasons of the year, using a special set of radioisotope heat generators; At normal operating temperatures, excess heat is diverted through an indoor greenhouse system to keep the probe’s sensitive electronics that handle sampling and analysis protected from the cold Martian atmosphere..

As Earth’s first rover to Mars, Curiosity has done an excellent job of studying the Martian geography and climate, and investigating whether its chosen research area, Gale Crater, ever hosted microbial life. This study now provides information that will become the foundation for future human exploration on Mars.

However, sending humans to the surface of Mars, which has an atmosphere a hundred times thinner than Earth’s and an average temperature of -63 degrees Celsius, will present an entirely different challenge. Landing a human-carrying spacecraft safely on Mars is extremely difficult due to the planet’s uneven terrain, which consists mainly of mountainous terrain filled with rugged rocky features such as mountains, craters, and trenches. Landing platforms should be carefully selected and landing thrusts should be designed to ensure a smooth and stable landing to avoid overturning of the vehicle.

The future of the Mars exploration program remains uncertain; Due to the enormous cost and exceptionally high failure rates of earlier missions, it became very difficult to mobilize enough public support to fund any other mission. However, scientists still hope that at some point in the future there will be enough will and means to continue the marathon of Martian exploration, and eventually the human race will gather enough knowledge to meet their shy, red neighbor.

Critic

marstech.jpl.nasa.gov
marsmobile.jpl.nasa.gov

This article was originally printed in Science Planet, Winter 2017 issue.

Cover by Freepik

In the world of advanced technology, the latest iPhone phones are of interest to tech enthusiasts as iPhone 15 users eagerly await the next-generation iPhone 16 as leaks point to an innovative design that involves a small tap to refresh the phone’s screen. It includes a camera inspired by the designs of Android phones, and it is reported to include specifications. An exciting new experience that everyone is looking forward to.

External specifications of iPhone 16

• The iPhone 16’s dimensions are consistent, measuring 167.7mm in length, 78.6mm in width, and roughly 7.5mm thick.

• The total weight of the phone is 224 grams, which makes it light and easy to carry.

• It is available in four stunning colors including black, white, gold and blue to meet the preferences of various tastes.

• The design is based on an anti-glare front and glass back made of Gorilla Glass and a stainless steel frame, giving it a sleek and sturdy look at the same time.

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iPhone 16 internal specifications

• iPhone 16 comes with innovative internal specifications as it has Face ID facial recognition sensor for better security.

• It features acceleration and gyro technology for a smooth and precise user experience.

• Sensors such as proximity, compass and barometer to improve its functionality and UWB technology for communication and data transmission with high efficiency.

• It is powered by Apple A18 bionic chip for amazing performance and power efficiency.

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• It includes an octa-core processor with Apple GPU for an amazing graphics experience.

• Features 3nm process technology for high-speed performance.

• It offers 8 GB of RAM to improve the performance of multiple applications.

• Available in 3TB storage options for individual storage needs, it doesn’t require an additional memory slot, offering more capacity and storage.

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Screen specifications on iPhone 16

• The screen is 6.8 inches and occupies 89.9% of the phone’s interface.

• The screen type is based on LTPO Super Retina XDR OLED technology, touch technology and 16 million colors display.

• It comes with a resolution of 1290 x 2796 pixels and an aspect ratio of 19.5:9 to provide a better viewing experience.

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• The pixel density reaches 488 pixels per inch, resulting in crisp and clear images.

• Scratch-resistant ceramic glass and oil-resistant coating provide enhanced protection.

• Supports HDR10 and Dolby Vision technologies to improve picture quality, strong brightness ratio of 1000 nits (HBM) and 1200 nits (peak) ensures clear vision even in high light conditions.

iPhone 16 camera features

• The rear camera on the iPhone 16 has a 50-megapixel wide-angle lens and relies on dual-pixel PDAF technology and sensor-shift image stabilization (IBIS) in addition to a wide lens aperture of f/1.5.

• For the telephoto lens, it comes with 24-megapixel resolution with PDAF technology, OIS optical stabilization, 3x optical zoom and f/2.8 lens aperture.

• As for the ultra-wide lens, it has a resolution of 24 megapixels and an f/1.8 lens aperture.

• The phone has a TOF 3D LiDAR sensor to measure depth.

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• Camera features include dual LED flash and HDR for photos and panoramas.

• As for video, it can record in 4K at different speeds, and supports 1080p slow-motion at different speeds.

  
  

  • It supports 10-bit HDR video and Dolby Vision HDR technology at up to 60 frames per second, and shoots 4K video in ProRes and Cinematic mode at 30 frames per second with stereo sound.

• The front camera comes with 24-megapixel resolution and wide lens with f/1.9 lens aperture and relies on PDAF technologies and SL 3D sensor.

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  • Supports HDR and Cinema mode while recording 4K video at 30fps.

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Battery specifications on the iPhone 16

• The iPhone 16 comes with a 4420 mAh battery based on non-removable lithium polymer technology that maintains the sleek design of the phone.

• The battery provides enough power for daily use and can be charged to 100% in just 30 minutes using fast charging.

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• 30W MagSafe wireless charging also allows for a convenient charging experience and flexibility of use.

About the iPhone 16

• Apple’s iPhone 16 represents an advanced version of the smartphone series, based on the iOS 18 operating system with improvements and new features.

• It is expected to be announced in September 2024 as it offers advanced technologies to meet the needs of modern technology-loving users.

Have an iPhone 16?

Apple is scheduled to launch the iPhone 16 Pro models in September 2024.

What are the iPhone 15 colors?

Natural Titanium, Black Titanium, Blue Titanium, White Titanium.

How much does the iPhone 15 camera cost?

Third camera – 3X telephoto in case of iPhone 15 Pro and 5X in case of iPhone 15 Pro Max.

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Microsoft announced that it plans to add artificial intelligence chatbot “Copilot” to all its products and services.

CoPilot is available in Windows 11, and the company has now added it to Windows 10, though the company wants every Windows user to try it out.

Windows 10 Home or Pro users in Microsoft’s Release Preview channel can test Copilot now, and Windows 10 users in the company’s supported markets will be able to get this new feature in just a few days or weeks.

Microsoft explained last week that it is “rethinking” its approach to the Windows 10 operating system, and says that it is making “additional investments” in the Windows 10 operating system and that more artificial intelligence features may be in the future. But it said it won’t make any major updates to Windows 10.

Windows marketing vice president Aaron Woodman confirmed in a press conference with The Verge last week that Microsoft will no longer support Windows 10: “We will not make any changes to the company’s end of support date for Windows 10. operating system. It ends on October 14, 2025.

With the Windows 10 operating system still popular, it’s no surprise that CoPilot is coming.

A recent report based on internal Microsoft data revealed that the Windows 11 operating system reached 400 million devices two years after its launch. Windows 10 reached this milestone a year after its release and reached 600 million devices a few months after the second anniversary of its release.

CoPilot in Windows 11 has some integration at the operating system level, as it is included in most applications, while the Windows 10 version is basically the Bing Chat platform available through the Edge browser and cannot open applications, change settings, or interact with it. … anything from Windows 10 native app tasks.

According to Microsoft, the artificial intelligence chatbot Copilot relies on large language modeling technology, and the company hopes that users will enjoy Copilot on Windows via the taskbar or Edge browser, whether they are casual users or employees working in the IT department.

“With CoPilot, you can use the AI ​​experiences you create without sacrificing privacy, and you can stay at the forefront of AI technology while protecting sensitive company data,” the company said.

He added: “Everyday information people are using implicitly generating AI capabilities to help them discover new content, and they’re also directly using CoPilot or ChatGPT in the browser.”

As Microsoft offers a version of CoPilot to enterprise customers, the company confirms that CoPilot on Windows is designed to meet both needs.

Microsoft points to the possibility of using artificial intelligence to create creative content, which could open up new sources of revenue, while the company hopes that Copilot will become an important tool in the Windows ecosystem.