science
Life-saving mRNA vaccines. Here are 5 things you should know about them
Dubai, United Arab Emirates (CNN) — Two pioneering scientists who developed the technology for life-saving Covid-19 vaccines have won the Nobel Prize in Medicine or Physiology.
Dr. Katelyn Carrico and Dr. Drew Weissman of the University of Pennsylvania achieved this feat by harnessing the power of messenger ribonucleic acid, or mRNA, a genetic material.
Their discovery opened a new chapter in medicine, paving the way for new vaccines for other infectious diseases including influenza and treatments for non-infectious diseases such as cancer.
Here are 5 things you need to know about Carrico and Weisman’s game-changing research on mRNA vaccines.
How does messenger RNA work?
mRNA is a form of DNA that tells cells what to do based on the information in the DNA.
Unlike DNA, which serves as the instruction manual for life found in every cell, mRNA is a temporary genetic code that can make a protein or repair damage.
Researchers often compare it to a cookbook: DNA is a thick recipe book, while RNA is a handwritten copy of an individual recipe that is discarded after use.
Scientists have known about mRNA for a long time, but it was previously thought that it was not stable enough to have value as a therapeutic tool.
What did the researchers find?
Carrico and Weisman’s major breakthrough was finding a way for our bodies to convert nucleotides, the building blocks of RNA, to produce the immune system.
Robin Shattock, professor of mucosal inflammation and immunology at Imperial College London, said the “groundbreaking work” the two did in understanding how RNA is formed was crucial to the success of a highly effective mRNA vaccine against the Covid-19 virus.
“Their early work on using modified nucleotides, the building blocks of RNA, to evade activation of the innate immune system will be a key factor in the successful use of future RNA vaccines and new RNA-based drugs,” Shattuck added.
How do mRNA vaccines differ from other vaccines?
Many vaccines use weakened or dead versions of the viruses they target. It’s not enough to make a person sick, but it’s enough for the immune system to respond so that the body produces antibodies if it encounters the real virus.
These are referred to as viral vector vaccines.
Another related technology used in protein subunit vaccines uses purified fragments of the virus to stimulate the immune response.
However, these types of vaccines can take a long time to develop and are difficult to replace quickly.
mRNA vaccine technology does not rely on a modified version of the virus to generate an immune response, but instead uses modified mRNA to stimulate the body’s cells to produce proteins that train the immune system to protect the body against a specific disease.
Challenges the team overcame
Kariko’s interest in the therapeutic potential of mRNA began when he enrolled in a graduate program in Hungary, and his interest never waned despite the many obstacles, job losses, uncertainties and trans-Atlantic moves he faced.
His belief that it could be used to fight disease drew skepticism, and he was often rejected when applying for grants.
Carrico, now an assistant professor of neurosurgery at the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, met Weisman by chance in 1997.
The Nobel Prize Committee said that Weizmann’s background in immunology and Carrico’s expertise in RNA biochemistry complemented each other.
Their pioneering study was published in 2005, 15 years before the start of the Covid-19 pandemic.
Power goes beyond fighting the coronavirus
The emergence of mRNA vaccine technology has offered safe and potent protection against Covid-19, but its proponents say this is just the beginning.
Early studies show that mRNA technology holds promise as a treatment for cancers including melanoma and pancreatic cancer, and is being studied for use in vaccines for seasonal influenza, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and HIV.
Other aspects of current mRNA research include exploring a new way to treat autoimmune diseases.
mRNA technology is also being explored as a potential alternative to gene therapy for stubborn conditions such as sickle cell disease.
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science
The most dangerous of them is the “breath of the dead” … Bad breath is a symptom of these serious diseases
Some metabolic disorders can cause bad breath due to various problems in the intestines, blood or liver.
The following are the most important medical conditions that can cause complications:
diabetes
- A common condition that causes bad breath in the mouth and throat is diabetes because high glucose levels can cause the growth of harmful bacteria.
- Because people with diabetes have insulin problems, cells may not get the glucose they need for energy, and instead the body starts burning fat-forming compounds called ketones.
- Ketones accumulate in the blood and urine and cause bad breath.
- One of these ketones is acetone, and it can cause breath to smell like nail polish.
- If someone with diabetes notices the smell, they should seek medical advice as it could be due to diabetic ketoacidosis, a life-threatening condition.
Liver disease
- If a person’s breath has a strong, foul smell, this is a sign that the liver is not filtering out toxins.
- Doctors call this distinctive smell “the breath of the dead” because of its association with severe and fatal liver disease.
Kidney disease
- Chronic kidney disease is a condition in which the kidneys are damaged and cannot filter the blood properly, which is why excess fluids and waste from the blood can build up in the body and cause other health problems such as heart disease and stroke.
- People with kidney failure may develop bad breath.
- As the kidneys begin to fail, the metabolic urea cannot be excreted effectively in the urine, and it accumulates in the blood and saliva.
- The body converts urea into ammonia, which causes bitterness in the mouth and bad breath.
- One in three people on dialysis say their breath smells like urine.
Too much methionine in the blood
- It is an increase in a specific protein building block (amino acid) called methionine in the blood.
- People with this condition often have no symptoms, but if their breath, sweat, or urine smells like boiled cabbage, they should see a doctor.
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science
Head of State: We are interested in international cooperation to achieve the success of the goals of “COP28”.
The Head of State Sheikh Mohammed bin Zayed Al Nahyan attended some of the “Group of 77 and China” meetings held during the proceedings of the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations. Framework Conference on Climate Change (COP28), which is taking place at Expo City Dubai.
While attending the meeting, he welcomed the participating leaders and emphasized the importance of cooperation among developing countries to promote their common interests and to ensure their presence in international affairs, embodied in the meetings of the group.
His Highness emphasized the UAE’s interest in strengthening international cooperation to achieve the success of the goals of the 28th session of the Conference of the Parties in accelerating the transition towards a sustainable, low-carbon, high-growth economic model through effective detection. Action-based solutions to the climate crisis facing the world.
For their part, participants appreciated the UAE’s hosting of the first-ever group meetings at COP conferences, noting that the meetings provided an opportunity to discuss areas of common interest, identify common challenges and propose measures to address them. Confront team members while emphasizing the importance of teamwork and cooperation.
During the World Climate Action Summit, the leaders also appreciated the announcement of the President of the State, emphasizing the importance of this initiative in supporting the path of sustainable development and promoting sustainable development globally. Based on international cooperation.
They also emphasized the importance of the “COP28” agenda, which aims to catalyze collective action to protect ecosystems and food systems that are resilient to climate change, empowering the most affected communities by investing in practical solutions to improve lives and livelihoods. .
Muhammad bin Saeed:
• Finding effective solutions to the global climate crisis.
• Accelerating the transition towards a sustainable economic model.
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science
Amiri Diwan confirms stability of Kuwait Emir’s health… And prosecution threatens to prosecute those who spread rumors about “the arrangement of the ruling house”.
United Arab Emirates (CNN) — Kuwaiti Emir Sheikh Nawaf Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah’s health condition was confirmed on Saturday by the Minister of Emirati Diwan Affairs, Sheikh Muhammad Al-Abdullah Al-Sabah. It is stable, thanks to God Almighty,” Kuwait News Agency reported. “Kona.”
The minister added: “We pray to the Almighty God for a speedy recovery to the Emir of the country and to grant him good health and complete well-being.”
The Minister of Amiri Diwan Affairs said on Wednesday that the health of the Emir of Kuwait is stable and he is still receiving the necessary treatment.
Earlier, the Amiri Diwan minister said the Kuwaiti emir “entered the hospital to receive treatment and undergo a medical examination following a health condition”.
For its part, the Kuwaiti Public Prosecution warned in a statement on Saturday against “taking decisive action and filing criminal charges against every individual, group, platform, media, radio station or any organization that publishes or addresses anything related to the health of the Emir or the arrangement of the ruling house.”
The Kuwait Public Prosecution added: “We have been monitoring many false reports and shocking lies in the media, and by individuals on visual, audio and print media platforms, about the health of the Emir of the country or the arrangements of the ruling house. According to Kuna.
Rumor mongers have used the word as a weapon to spread poison in the society using flimsy pretexts of freedom of expression, good intentions and fear, forgetting the harmful effects of rumours. According to the Kuwaiti Agency, there is more than a raging plague.
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