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Telescopes reveal why Neptune is blueer than Uranus

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New space and ground-based telescope observations have revealed what is behind this difference in tone.

In our solar system, the farthest planets from the Sun, Neptune and Uranus, have similar sizes, masses, and atmospheric conditions. Neptune has a bright blue appearance when looking at two possible planets side by side after NASA’s Voyager 2 spacecraft flew in the 1980s. Uranus is the pale shade of blue.

Using both the Gemini North Telescope in Hawaii and NASA’s Infrared Telescope and the Hubble Space Telescope, astronomers developed a model compatible with the observations of Neptune and Uranus.

Scientists have determined that excess fog has accumulated in the atmosphere of Uranus, giving it a lighter appearance. This fog is thicker in Uranus than the similar layer of atmosphere in Neptune, so it whitens the appearance of Uranus in our view.

Astronomers believe that without this fog in the atmospheres of the two planets, the two planets would be almost identical in blue. A study describing the findings published on Tuesday Geophysical Research Journal: Planets.

Previous attempts to understand this difference have focused on the upper atmosphere of the planets at specific wavelengths of light.

“This is the first model to synchronize sunlight from ultraviolet rays to near-infrared,” said Patrick Irwin, a senior research professor and professor of planetary physics at the University of Oxford. He was the first to describe the visible color difference between Uranus and Neptune.

The model also studied deep layers of the atmosphere containing fog particles and clouds of methane and hydrogen sulfide.

The new observations of the Gemini North telescope, located near the summit of Mauna Kea in Hawaii, have been incorporated into other archive telescope data. The team studied three layers of aerosols at different altitudes in Uranus and Neptune. The middle layer of fog particles is most affected by color.

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On both planets, the middle layer of space where methane ice turns into methane rain. Neptune has a more turbulent atmosphere than the slow, dull Uranus atmosphere, so methane particles and hail prevent Neptune from accumulating fog on the planet.

Scientists hope this model could help explain why black dots appear on Neptune, but less so on Uranus. Because the deeper layer of the atmosphere is darker, it will be more noticeable on the planet Neptune.

“We hope that creating this model will help us understand clouds and fog in the atmosphere of the ice giant,” Mike Wong, an astronomer at the University of California, Berkeley, said in a statement. “Explaining the color differences between Uranus and Neptune is an unexpected bonus!”

Learn more about these mysterious worlds that were only visited during Voyager 2 fast flights.

The Decadal Survey of the Planets, published in April, recommended the first practice NASA’s next major mission is the Uranus Orbiter and exploration. The authors of the report see Uranus Orbiter & Probe as a way to revolutionize the knowledge that astronomers have about ice giants.

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The iPhone 15 series has 9 features that are a first for smartphones

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The iPhone 15 series has 9 features that are a first for smartphones


By Heba Al Saeed

Monday, September 25, 2023 at 11:00 p.m

Company AOn the contrary Introducing the 2023 edition of Apple phones, the iPhone 15, iPhone 15 Pro, iPhone 15 Plus and iPhone 15 Pro Max are currently on sale, with a host of new features, some of which are considered first-of-its-kind smartphones.

9 features of the iPhone 15 series are currently not found in any other smartphone.

The first two phones have a titanium frame

The iPhone 15 Pro and iPhone 15 Pro Max come with a hybrid titanium-aluminum body that claims to use an “industry-first thermo-mechanical process.” The phones feature titanium bands with a new subframe made using 100% recycled aluminum. More durable and lighter.

Shooting at 24MP by default

Most phones with high-resolution sensors take pixel-stacked pictures, and the new iPhone 15 series is no different. Most phones stack images at 12 megapixels, while the default resolution of new iPhones is 24 megapixels, which turns out to be quite high. Resolution image. While retaining more detail compared to 12MP images.

World’s first chip manufactured in 3nm technology

Apple iPhone 15 Pro and iPhone 15 Pro Max are powered by the industry’s first 3nm chip, the A17 Pro chip. This makes the company’s new chip the first to use the 3nm process.

But that’s only part of it: the updated chip brings the biggest GPU redesign in Apple’s history, and it also offers faster performance and an improved neural engine with ray tracing support.

Integrated OIS and autofocus technology

In announcing the new 5X telephoto lens, Apple also introduced a new autofocus system – a 3D sensor that combines both OIS and autofocus, which moves in three directions and is a first for any smartphone. This, according to Apple, offers excellent image stabilization performance with 10,000 micro-motions.

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Customizable action button

The idea of ​​an extra button is not new, but a customizable action button actually allows users to assign their preferred action to it and use the phone more conveniently.

Users can choose to keep the mute key function or set it as camera shutter, audio recorder and many more options.

Shooting in 4K60 in RAW format

Apple iPhone 15 Pro and iPhone 15 Pro Max are the first phones to support 4K60 video recording in ProRAW. This allows users to record smoother videos with more detail and data for post-processing.

Supports 5X zoom with tetra prism lens body

With a new 5x telephoto lens with a focal length of 120mm, Apple has developed a tetraprism design that combines optical image stabilization with a 3D sensor shift module for autofocus.

Tetraprism rewinds the image four times to deliver a bright, detailed zoom shot.

Automatic portrait mode is another new feature

Apple has launched the next-generation Portrait of the iPhone 15 series.

The updated portrait mode on iPhones automatically captures depth data when it detects a person, animal or bird in the frame, or when users tap the subject to focus on it. It allows users to apply photo effects using the Photos app and adjust focus after the photo is taken.

Qi 2 is finally coming to smartphones and the iPhone 15 series is the first

Qi 2 wireless charging standards were announced earlier this year, and the iPhone 15 series is the first to offer them. It is a new improved wireless charging standard that has a magnetic force profile for improved wireless charging.

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Why are they moving away from the iPhone? – Independent Press Agency

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Why are they moving away from the iPhone?  – Independent Press Agency

Freedom /- There are many reasons why Android users prefer Android phones instead of buying iPhones regardless of price. Here are some common reasons:

Diversity of choices: Android offers a wide variety of smartphones from different manufacturers, which means there are many options at different price points. Users can easily choose the phone that suits their needs and budget.

System Flexibility: The Android system gives users more flexibility to customize and organize their phones according to their individual needs. You can install apps from sources outside of the Google Play Store, change the system interface, and make other changes easier than iOS.

Replacement costs: Android phones are often cheaper than iPhones, meaning it costs less to replace the device if needed.

Accessory support: Android smartphones allow users to use various accessories and add-ons at affordable prices.

User Habit: Simply put, some people have become accustomed to Android, its interface and operating system, so they prefer to stick with it.

Freedom to Customize: Android gives users more freedom to customize their home screen, apps and make UI changes as they wish.

Integration with Google platforms: If you are an active user of Google services like Gmail, Google Drive and Google Photos, Android phones offer better integration with these services.

Of course, choosing between Android and iOS depends on an individual’s personal preferences and needs, and each system has its own advantages and disadvantages. Therefore, the user should select the phone that meets their needs based on what they are looking for.

The evolution of Android and Android devices over the years has seen many changes and improvements. The following points highlight some notable developments and differences between Android and iOS (iPhone systems):

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Device Diversity:

Android: Android is available in various devices made by various companies like Samsung, Google, LG, Huawei etc. This means that there are many options of devices with different budgets and performance.
iOS: iOS only comes on Apple iPhones, which means the device’s versatility is limited.
Customize the user interface:

Android: Users can further customize the Android interface using launchers and third-party apps to change the look and feel of the system to their liking.
iOS: The iOS interface is simple and clean, but offers less flexibility in terms of interface customization than Android.
App Store:

Android: Google Play Store has millions of apps and games and developers big and small can publish their apps.
iOS: The iOS App Store is known for its security and quality of apps, but imposes more restrictions on app developers and requires strict permissions to publish apps.
Service Integration:

Android: Android has good integration with Google services like Gmail, Google Drive, Google Maps and Google Photos.
iOS: iOS integration with Apple services such as iCloud, Apple Maps and Apple Music.
System Updates:

Android: System updates on Android can be a bit delayed due to changes from different devices and manufacturers, but Google is working to improve this feature through initiatives like Project Treble.
iOS: iOS updates are available for all iPhones immediately after launch, meaning security and new features are available quickly.
These are some of the key differences between Android and iOS, and the features of both platforms have improved and evolved over the years. Choosing the appropriate system is a personal matter depending on the user’s needs and preferences.

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A “strange” exoplanet will hide its all-iron composition past its demise

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A “strange” exoplanet will hide its all-iron composition past its demise

An international team of astronomers has revealed that a strange exoplanet, located 31 light-years from Earth in the Virgo galaxy, is denser than previously thought and a solid ball of metal.

Known as Gliese 367 b, or Tahay, the planet orbits a nearby red dwarf star, and little was known about it until scientists recently decided to delve deeper into the mystery of its mineral composition.

The study, published in The Astrophysical Journal Letters, provides precise measurements of the planet’s mass and radius.

Taihai consists mostly of rock and iron and is about the same size as Earth, allowing it to be captured by current techniques.

“You can compare GJ 367 b to an Earth-like planet whose lithosphere has been stripped away,” lead author Elisa Coffo of the University of Turin told ScienceAlert.

Tahai was first discovered in 2021 by NASA’s Transiting Exoplanet Survey (TESS) Space Telescope system as it orbited its small, faint red dwarf star. Scientists at the time declared it to be a planet with a very short orbit, as it orbited its host star in 7.7 hours, a mysterious and poorly studied category of exoplanets.

Scientists at the time pointed out that Gliese 367 b is a rocky world about 70% the size of Earth and 55% the mass, making it one of the lightest exoplanets known.

But the latest research showed something that shocked scientists, the results found that Dahai is denser than what the 2021 study found.

GJ 367 b is defined as an ultradense exoplanet. According to the new data, the exoplanet has a radius of 70% that of Earth instead of the previously estimated 72%, and its mass is 63% that of Earth instead of 55%.

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The team concluded that Dahai’s density is twice that of Earth. The secret is that Taihai may have experienced a cataclysmic event in the past that was mostly made of metal.

According to the study authors, this information can be proven by combining new measurements from TESS and the HARPS spectrometer, which is attached to the European Southern Observatory (ESO) telescope.

Joao suggested that this celestial body had a formation process similar to Earth’s, and that it appeared to have “a dense core composed mainly of iron, surrounded by a silicate-rich mantle”.

Hypotheses about its origin suggest that “a cataclysmic event could tear apart the rocky mantle and empty the planet’s dense core,” the astronomer said. This may have happened due to collisions between GJ 367 b and other protoplanets, stripping off its outer layer. Joao proposed a third theory, in which the planet is believed to have been “born in an iron-rich region of the protoplanetary disk”.

Source: The Sun

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